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Graphical User Interfaces with Tk. Both Tk and tkinter are available on most Unix platforms, including macOS, as well as on Windows systems. Tkinter is not a thin wrapper, but adds a fair amount of its own logic to make the experience more pythonic. Both old and new APIs are still available. Most documentation you will find online still uses the old API and can be woefully outdated.
Extensive tutorial on creating user interfaces with Tkinter. Explains key concepts, and illustrates recommended approaches using the modern API. ISBN Tcl is a dynamic interpreted programming language, just like Python. Though it can be used on its own as a general-purpose programming language, it is most commonly embedded into C applications as a scripting engine or an interface to the Tk toolkit. The Tcl library has a C interface to create and manage one or more instances of a Tcl interpreter, run Tcl commands and scripts in those instances, and add custom commands implemented in either Tcl or C.
Each interpreter has an event queue, and there are facilities to send events to it and process them. Each Tk object embeds its own Tcl interpreter instance with Tk loaded into it. Themed Tk Ttk is a newer family of Tk widgets that provide a much better appearance on different platforms than many of the classic Tk widgets. Ttk is distributed as part of Tk, starting with Tk version 8. Python bindings are provided in a separate module, tkinter. Internally, Tk and Ttk use facilities of the underlying operating system, i.
When your Python application uses a class in Tkinter, e. Support for Tkinter is spread across several modules. Most applications will need the main tkinter module, as well as the tkinter. Construct a toplevel Tk widget, which is usually the main window of an application, and initialize a Tcl interpreter for this widget. Each instance has its own associated Tcl interpreter.
The Tk class is typically instantiated using all default values. However, the following keyword arguments are currently recognized:. X11 only. Name of the profile file. By default, baseName is derived from the program name sys. Name of the widget class. Used as a profile file and also as the name with which Tcl is invoked argv0 in interp.
If True , initialize the Tk subsystem. The tkinter. Tcl function sets this to False. If True , execute all X server commands synchronously, so that errors are reported immediately. Can be used for debugging. Specifies the id of the window in which to embed the application, instead of it being created as an independent toplevel window.
Note that on some platforms this will only work correctly if id refers to a Tk frame or toplevel that has its -container option enabled. Tk reads and interprets profile files, named. The Tk application object created by instantiating Tk. This provides access to the Tcl interpreter. Each widget that is attached the same instance of Tk has the same value for its tk attribute. The widget object that contains this widget. For Tk , the master is None because it is the main window.
The immediate descendants of this widget as a dict with the child widget names as the keys and the child instance objects as the values. The Tcl function is a factory function which creates an object much like that created by the Tk class, except that it does not initialize the Tk subsystem. An object created by the Tcl object can have a Toplevel window created and the Tk subsystem initialized by calling its loadtk method.
Themed widget set introduced in Tk 8. It is automatically imported by the main tkinter module, and should never be used directly by application programmers. It is usually a shared library or DLL , but might in some cases be statically linked with the Python interpreter. Based on tkinter. Symbolic constants that can be used in place of strings when passing various parameters to Tkinter calls.
Automatically imported by the main tkinter module. This will become deprecated when it is replaced with the Tk DND. Better alternatives for most can be found in tkinter. This section is not designed to be an exhaustive tutorial on either Tk or Tkinter. For that, refer to one of the external resources noted earlier. Instead, this section provides a very quick orientation to what a Tkinter application looks like, identifies foundational Tk concepts, and explains how the Tkinter wrapper is structured.
After the imports, the next line creates an instance of the Tk class, which initializes Tk and creates its associated Tcl interpreter. It also creates a toplevel window, known as the root window, which serves as the main window of the application.
The frame is fit inside the root window. The next line creates a label widget holding a static text string. The grid method is used to specify the relative layout position of the label within its containing frame widget, similar to how tables in HTML work.
A button widget is then created, and placed to the right of the label. When pressed, it will call the destroy method of the root window.
Finally, the mainloop method puts everything on the display, and responds to user input until the program terminates. A Tkinter user interface is made up of individual widgets. Each widget is represented as a Python object, instantiated from classes like ttk. Frame , ttk. Label , and ttk. Widgets are arranged in a hierarchy. The label and button were contained within a frame, which in turn was contained within the root window.
When creating each child widget, its parent widget is passed as the first argument to the widget constructor. Widgets have configuration options , which modify their appearance and behavior, such as the text to display in a label or button. Different classes of widgets will have different sets of options. A geometry manager like grid controls where in the user interface they are placed. Tkinter reacts to user input, changes from your program, and even refreshes the display only when actively running an event loop.
Without getting into too many details, notice the following:. The commands used to create widgets like ttk::frame correspond to widget classes in Tkinter. Tcl widget options like -text correspond to keyword arguments in Tkinter. Widgets are referred to by a pathname in Tcl like.
The pathname for the root window is just. In Tkinter, the hierarchy is defined not by pathname but by specifying the parent widget when creating each child widget. Operations which are implemented as separate commands in Tcl like grid or destroy are represented as methods on Tkinter widget objects. Introspection, either in an interactive Python shell or with print , can help you identify what you need. To find out what configuration options are available on any widget, call its configure method, which returns a dictionary containing a variety of information about each object, including its default and current values.
Use keys to get just the names of each option. As most widgets have many configuration options in common, it can be useful to find out which are specific to a particular widget class. Comparing the list of options to that of a simpler widget, like a frame, is one way to do that.
Similarly, you can find the available methods for a widget object using the standard dir function. As noted, the official Tk commands reference manual man pages is often the most accurate description of what specific operations on widgets do.
Even when you know the name of the option or method that you need, you may still have a few places to look. Examples are methods for accessing the clipboard or the system bell. They happen to be implemented as methods in the base Widget class that all Tkinter widgets inherit from. If you use threads, you may need to be aware of this. A Python interpreter may have many threads associated with it. In Tcl, multiple threads can be created, but each thread has a separate Tcl interpreter instance associated with it.
Threads can also create more than one interpreter instance, though each interpreter instance can be used only by the one thread that created it. Each Tk object created by tkinter contains a Tcl interpreter. It also keeps track of which thread created that interpreter. Calls to tkinter can be made from any Python thread.
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